It’s certainly been a weird week…

And that’s an understatement, by far. I usually try to stay positive and use this blog to create good energy, but this week has been a real struggle, balancing my concerns for the future of my family and friends with understanding the full implications of the election’s results. So, I’ll take a deep breath, and run through a few concerns that we face. There are a lot of issues out there for minorities and underprivileged groups, and they’re all valid and important. However, for the purpose of this blog, I’ll focus on a few that particularly concern my interests.

First, I’ll talk about the islamophobia that occurred during the election. Popularity for the president-elect in the polls, although we all now understand how faulty they can be, suggested that his popularity surged after the tragic San Bernardino shootings. This past June, on the campaign trail, the president-elect said that he wanted a ban on all muslims entering the United States. Unfortunately, he has never fully backed down on that claim. His advisor, Kris Kobach, is now supporting a registry of muslims. 

Photo courtesy of S from Harvard Arab Weekend.

Based on the facts, there is an unmistakable, growing fear of Islam in the country. The most fearful are supporting anti-islamic discrimination. During this year’s Harvard Arab Weekend, several speakers addressed the country’s islamophobia, showing statistics like a mind-blowing 1,600% increase in hate crimes against muslims since 9/11 and eight states banning sharia law when most Americans have no idea what sharia even means. The president-elect is shamelessly playing off of that fear, taking advantage of ignorance and endangering a group of Americans that have a legal right to practice their religion.

This fear is already affecting my husband’s family. They’re living in a country where their right to exist is threatened daily. When my mother-in-law receives a death threat simply by going to the grocery store in a hijab, no one can say that liberty and justice equally serves the people of this country. Along with that, some members of Sam’s family are legally here on a temporary protected status as refugees that could be easily revoked. We are diligently monitoring the next administration’s immigration policy. As Syrians, returning to their country would pose many different risks to their safety and well-being. If they lose this status, they would also lose a second home that they’ve worked so hard to build, and would need to find a third home in a world that is increasingly hostile to refugees.

Mann & Kump (2015)

Along with all threats against minorities, there is a world-endangering threat against biggest issue of our century: climate change. The threat is inaction, as the president elect vows that he doubts the veracity of claims by climate change scientists. He hasaccordingly hired Myron Ebell, one of the most popular climate change contrarians, to direct the transition in the EPA. This appointment has many implications, including less funding for climate-related research and policies that only further put the country and the world on a faster path to harmful greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. Plus, since the president elect also vows to cut federal spending, the easiest targets are likely things that may not result in instant gratification, like scientific research.

Through my program, I know some of the most prominent climate change scientists. They share a serious concern for the future of their work. I also share their concern, not only for their future, but for mine as well. With less funding and political support, America will lose its standing as the world’s leading producer of innovative research.

My mentor gave some sage advice on how to react to this past week’s events:

“We are watching a stunning response to the deep inequities and injustices of economic globalization. It has appeared world-wide, and recently, of course, all over europe and the middle east. It makes very clear, that our essential work is to build institutions and safety nets and communities which can include everyone, absolutely everyone. A huge task, and with will and cooperation, we can do it.
I urge you now: do NOT follow out all your terrifying narratives about what might come from this. It is a waste of energy and it will exhaust you and make you powerless.
Stay curious! Stay present, in this moment. Watch what unfolds and how. We do NOT know the consequences of such a massive expression of rage and misery. Tend to your own communities, and support calm and thoughtfulness.”

Intellectually, immigrants are our most valuable import, and research is our most valuable export. Both of these things give the United States so much value on the international level, and yet both are at risk. Together, let’s support ourselves, remain diligent, and do what we can when we need to fight for what we care about.

Not all groundwater flows downhill

Happy Sunday! To start off the new week, I have some delicious tidbits on my research for you. This past Monday, I went with my advisor and another grad student to Worcester Polytechnic Institute for the NSF-sponsored Water Workshop. I presented a poster on my work, so I figured I’d talk about the details of my research focus a bit more.

Standing next to my poster for the Water Workshop at WPI!

Everyone agrees that water flows downhill. But does groundwater always flow downhill? That is, does groundwater flow always follow the topography? Not necessarily. Many people before me have proved that the groundwater table does not reflect the topography for a lot of aquifers. This depends on a lot of things, including recharge, depth of the groundwater table, the height of the aquifer, and the extent of the watershed. Strangely enough, not a single one of these factors dominate whether groundwater in an unconfined aquifer flows contrary to topography. They rather work together at different intervals to create this counter-topography behavior. And someone (i.e. me?) could spend a whole career investigating how all those factors affect one another to produce this affect.

It turns out that this behavior, which we call recharge-controlled flow, happens in a lot of places around the world, including parts of Massachusetts. More commonly, you see recharge-controlled flow in arid regions like the southwestern United States and my current study area, the Atacama!

Corenthal et al. (2016)

What’s going on in the Atacama, the world’s driest nonpolar desert, is really fascinating. Figure A is a conceptual illustration that shows how the groundwater table flows under all these high peaks to reach the salar, which is a salt flat. Based on what my research team and I know, the factors controlling groundwater flow in the Atacama include recharge (or rather, lack thereof) and the depth of the groundwater table from the surface.

The lack of recharge in Salar de Atacama as the world’s driest nonpolar desert means that its groundwater needs to come from somewhere else. That somewhere else is the relatively wetter, higher elevation peaks that we call the Altiplano (i.e. “high plains” in Spanish). This difference in recharge over time creates a difference in hydrologic head that causes the groundwater to defy all the topographical peaks in the Altiplano to flow towards Salar de Atacama.

Since Atacama is so dry, this groundwater flow creates a negative water balance equation as it continues to flow from areas with little precipitation to areas with almost no precipitation at all. In other words, more water is leaving the system than coming in. Because of this imbalance, the groundwater table probably continues to lower. As a groundwater table lowers, it becomes less dependent on the topographic variations.

This behavior has a lot of interesting and concerning implications. Atacama’s groundwater, which is the area’s only source of water, is nowhere near sustainable. This point is really important for the people and businesses that depend on this water. Plus, since groundwater takes a long time to travel, the distance that the Atacama’s water has travelled means that it is incredibly old. It’s probably on the order of thousands to tens of thousands of years old!

Well, here’s a quick taste of what I’ve been focusing on this semester. I promise I’ll talk about it more soon!